When dialogue with the newborn begins?

For last years in scientific and even in the popular scientific literature there were messages on possibility of training till a birth. Whether it is possible actually and if it is possible, whether that is connected and how with behaviour of mother? We will consider, that is known about it to a today's science.

The most strict proofs of possibility of training till a birth are received while on «brothers our smaller», in this case — on birds.

It is known, that chickens as soon as вылупляются from egg, distinguish a voice of mother from voices of other hens. It has appeared, that "acquaintance" to a voice occurs, conditionally speaking, «внутриутробно» — while the chicken develops in egg. If egg to isolate from external sounds the whole days before he will learn to distinguish a voice of the brood hen who have sat out it from voices of other hens and other sounds will be necessary for a newborn chicken. It is shown also, that newborn chickens prefer those sounds which they could hear before hatched, to new sounds.

Even more interesting facts have been received in 1979 in experiment on porpoises. It is known, that shout бентамского a cock causes a fright which is shown by flight or замиранием and pulse delay in porpoises . At shout repetitions such reaction gradually disappears. This circumstance has been used for studying of possibility of training till a birth. Shout of a cock have written down on the tape recorder and within 2 weeks daily showed to its pregnant porpoises during this period when at an embryo the acoustical system has enough ripened. Then the same shout has been shown cubs in 2 hours after a birth. It has not rendered on them any action, whereas at cubs of control group {i.e. Without preliminary "training") there was a usual reaction of a fright. Both groups of cubs equally reacted to shouts of a porpoise that excluded an explanation of distinctions between groups simply different sensitivity to sounds in general. Thus, at porpoises possibility of development of pre-natal accustoming (the elementary form научения) to a sound is revealed. And what is known about people?

Basically researches of training till a birth at the person are spent, for quite clear reasons, by means of sounds.

First of all it is necessary to notice, that the fruit life proceeds at all in absolute silence as quite often thought in the past. Even if in an environment there are no sounds, in a uterus cavity blows of heart of mother, the sounds caused перистальтикой of intestines and movement of blood on vessels are audible. All it creates some constant sound background similar, on expression of one researcher in this area, to noise on an ocean coast, ( whether Not therefore so it is well slept under surf noise?)

To fruit environment sounds are audible also. On available data, their intensity in a uterus can reach 80 дБ for low frequencies in a range of 125-1000 Hz. The above frequency, the is more decrease in loudness in a body.

As a whole the made experiments have shown, that внутриутробно can be audible and even said words though their acoustic characteristics will strongly differ from what they possess out of a body can be distinguishable. Thus, the developing fruit as soon as its acoustical system will reach a sufficient maturity, can "hear" sounds of a parent voice, sounds of music and loud noise of an environment.

After these data have been received in experiments, have recollected statements of pregnant women, that the future child reacts to music. Pertinently in this connection to recollect and the customs existing in some tribes, forbidding to speak with the pregnant woman roughly and loud voice, to shout at it.

But all the same it is real: since what time the acoustical system of a fruit ripens enough to hear sounds? Today presence of hearing at a fruit after 7 months is already proved 

So, whether there is at the person till a birth any training connected with perception of sounds? научения as it was spoken above, it is considered the elementary form accustoming — decrease in force of reaction at repetition of indifferent stimulus for an organism (the organism as though learns not to react). Accustoming was observed in the experiment told above with porpoises.

At an embryo of the person accustoming too is observed. In reply to repeating sound reaction of pulse is weakened and there are less intensive movements, but is not excluded, that observed decrease was is caused by exhaustion.

 At the same time there are more evidences of pre-natal training at the person, than accustoming development. In a series of the works spent in the late seventies — the beginning of 80th, pre-natal mastering (storing) of certain musical fragments has been shown

Research was made as follows.

Pregnant women twice a week within 4 weeks (in 6, 7 or 8 months of pregnancy) trained in a relaxation. In the maximum relaxation showed a 12-second musical fragment three times. The researcher believed, that the condition of the maximum relaxation of mother is "pleasant" for a fruit, that "gratefulness" as a conditioned reflex will contact a musical fragment which sounds at this time, and that it should be shown in any subsequent reactions of a fruit or the newborn to the same musical fragments. Check was spent before sorts and after. The first — in 30—37 weeks of pregnancy. Usually, as soon as mother accepted the lying weakened position, fruit movements arose through 6—10 mines but if the music heard earlier during sessions of a relaxation sounded, movements arose through 7—49с.

Further, not later than through 6 mines after a birth, to 14 newborns allowed to hear to the same musical fragment. What shouted, ceased to shout, at whom eyes have been closed — opened eyes, besides, at 10 babies with клоническими movements the last have instantly stopped. These phenomena did not arise at "return" playing of a musical fragment and at other musical fragments. The described influence of music on babies remained some months.

However most evidences «training till a birth)? Are received for last 20—25 years in influence researches внутриматочно the written down noise of a parent organism and an environment on behaviour of newborns.

In 60th the first messages have been published that sounding сердцебиений (72 blows in 1 ), written down on a plate and shown to the newborn all day and night, well influence their development. At such sound background within the first 4 days babies slept more and more children who were not exposed to similar influences added in weight, than. At record inclusion сердцебиений with frequency more-120 blows in mines, on the contrary, at children became frequent crying, duration of a dream decreased.

In similar research in 1976 it has been shown, that under record сердцебиений mothers babies fall asleep in 2 times faster, than in silence, and this effect remains till 3 years.

One more research has been spent on group of 100 newborns. Within 15 days periodically to babies allowed to hear внутриматочно to the written down noise. It led to the termination of shout during 20—28 with at 86 % of all shouting babies, accelerated засыпание, and, in particular, there came a phase of "a fast dream». Other sounds of the same intensity of similar influence did not render.

Sounding record сердцебиений mothers positively influences development of prematurely born babies and is successfully applied with that end in view in a number of the countries. Its action - dream lengthening, improvement засыпания newborns is used as well a plate with record сердцебиений mothers for the babies who have born in time .

However experts in this area fairly notice, that these plates should be used cautiously while their influence on mental development of the child thoroughly is not studied. A main objective of application of these plates — as though "prolongation" of habitual conditions for the baby. When it is a question about недоношенных children, it is quite reasonable, but such artificial "returning" of the newborn to former conditions can appear harmful to development of mechanisms of regulation of a dream formed after a birth and wakefulness, for the further mental development.

Let's return, however, to our theme. Thus, occurrence in pre-natal development of some sound experience influencing the subsequent behaviour, in other words, «pre-natal training», is proved. It is necessary to notice only, that the word «научение» in no event cannot be understood as a word-combination synonym «training after a birth». The matter is that training till a birth, as well as training of newborns soon after a birth, can be caused absolutely other mechanisms, than training at later age. As an illustration of it one of recent kliniko-experimental supervision can serve. It is spent on ahead of schedule born twins, one of which did not have a bark of the big hemispheres and deviations in other brain structures were observed. Their ability to training was studied by means of so-called procedure of expectation of stimulus: to babies showed simultaneously sound and visual stimulus, occasionally passing the second stimulus. The stimulus admission caused identical increase of pulse in the normal twin and at deprived of a bark of the big hemispheres. This supervision shows, that occurrence of simple associative communications without a bark of the big hemispheres is possible.

 Whether "storing" of a parent voice probably till a birth follows from told, what? (As at chickens in the experiment told above.) or at least distinction of speech sounds? It is supposed, that внутриутробно elements of speech sounds, especially parent voice can be audible, but they so strongly should differ at the expense of acoustic distortions in a body of that the child after a birth hears that there is a "cognizance" problem.

At the same time exist (while not numerous) that certificate, that the baby almost right after births somehow distinguishes speech sounds from the nonverbal.

In one of researches it is informed that movements of finitenesses of the newborn are synchronised with a part of a speech stream. However, it has raised the doubts. In two messages distinctions of reactions электроэнцефалограммы and electrocardiograms through 12 ч after a birth in reply to speech sounds and other insignificant sounds are described .

Interesting works have been spent last decade with registration сосательных movements of the baby out of meal as a behavioural indicator. By means of this method it has been shown, that the 3-week child distinguishes a voice of mother from others. It is supposed, that distinction occurs on a rhythm and intonation as ability to distinction disappears if mother reads the text from right to left or from below upwards. A number of researches considers this fact as indirect acknowledgement of training till a birth, as a rhythm and intonation — those characteristics which are distinguishable in inside маточных records of a voice of mother.

There are also messages on earlier cognizance of a voice of mother, in particular, that newborns aged less than 3 days, spent with mother no more than 12 ч, can distinguish a voice of mother from other voices.

But while absolutely exact proofs of pre-natal distinction of a voice of mother or at least any "mastering" of characteristics of speech sounds, unlike nonverbal, no, it is doubtless, however, that in process of maturing of nervous system the fruit perceives stimulus of a different sort, reacts to them and in a sense "remembers" or "is trained". Thus, pre-natal stimulation of a fruit can cause some orientation of perception right after births, However while is absolutely not clear, in what selective stimulation of any one touch channel (as it becomes, for example, in the considered experiments) can result: to suppress development of other touch systems or, raising the general reactance to promote development of other touch channels. As guarding moment restoration of functions after an anoxia or brain damages at newborns when important simultaneous restoration of the different systems, differently one develops in a damage another can serve . And it is not absolutely clear in general, whether it is necessary to accelerate a natural current of events.

Thus, from the received new data about pre-natal possibilities of a fruit at all does not follow, that is necessary these possibilities more actively to use, that it is necessary something to "train" till a birth. But it is possible to expect, that reactions of a fruit to sounds become valuable diagnostic means at definition of a state of health and fruit development.

But the most essential result of new knowledge of pre-natal development of the person is comprehension of that the fruit is the live being co-operating with environment, that else till a birth it something "learns" about the future environment, till a birth on it reacts.

It has been more recently realised, that relations of mother and the child from the moment of a birth represent dialogue in which very important mother to be able to distinguish signals of the child. New data about pre-natal abilities of a fruit force to reflect on earlier beginning of dialogue «mother — the child». Impellent reactions of a fruit (at least their part) are quite notable mother. Perhaps, if mothers start to listen to them and to change an environment (for example to reduce loudness of sounds) at corresponding reactions of a fruit, it and will be the beginning of dialogue till a birth?

Possibly, researchers should decipher value of any reactions of a fruit at least at level «badly — well», Anyway the beginning of research of dialogue «mother — the child» till a birth is necessary.

The author: Э. M.Rutman, the candidate of medical sciences