Birth of the child a part the first

The birth of the healthy child in many respects depends on conditions of its pre-natal development. Mother in the broad sense of the word is environment for the future child, and favorable conditions of an organism of mother, naturally, promote its normal growth and development. Not without reason in an antiquity spoke: «In a sound body of the woman — the people future».

The fruit lives in the conditions allowing it intensively to develop. If the person spends energy on теплообразование and muscular work the fruit is deprived this possibility and necessity. He lives in the conditions of optimum temperature, its movements are limited by space and facilitated at the expense of swimming in a liquid. All energy of a fruit is spent for process of creation of its organism. Pre-natal development of its bodies and systems occurs constantly, since conception process. For 9 months of a pre-natal life the germ turns to a difficult human body.

For 6-7 days from external cages of a zygote (a female sexual cage) its blood vessels, forming the spaces filled with blood of mother are formed выросты (ворсины) which take root into an internal surface of a wall of a uterus. In fibers fruit vessels start to be formed.

Blood of a fruit and blood of mother never mix up, though them divide only a thin cover ворсин and walls of blood vessels of the germ. Among all mammals living on the Earth, only at the person between blood vessels of a fruit and blood of mother the close connection is observed.

Already at a 4-week germ at special ultrasonic inspection it is possible to see clearly heart reductions that specifies in presence of system of blood circulation. In 8 weeks at it all lines inherent in the person are already developed: the body, a head are generated, there are rudiments of finitenesses, eyes, a nose and a mouth. Since this moment the germ is considered a fruit. It is in плодном a bubble filled околоплодными with waters. In 16 weeks (almost 4 months) length of a fruit makes 16 sm, weight of 120 are well visible hands, feet, are distinguishable fingers. All major bodies, such as lungs, a liver, kidneys, it is possible to define a fruit sex are developed. From 14th week the fruit starts to move, but mother of its movements does not feel. In 28 weeks (6,5 months) the length of a fruit reaches 35 sm, weight — 1000 Its skin starts to become covered by special greasing, impenetrable for околоплодных waters. At this time the fruit is active, it has enough place in a uterus where it freely moves. Therefore its position unstable, a head settles down above is more often. Mother well feels its movements. The live fruit which has born at this time is considered the newborn child, instead of an abortion. For last 12 weeks before sorts the fruit completely develops and to 40th week (9 months) is ready to out of a uterine life. Its lungs have enough ripened for breath. The length доношенного a fruit — 50 sm, weight of a body — It is 3200—3400 usually a head downwards in steady position as its movements in a uterus are limited because of it enough the big sizes,

By the moment of a birth the fruit head falls more low, the pregnant woman feels, that it became easier to it to breathe, Both the fruit, and a parent organism are ready to sorts.

Some women feel, or «precisely know», about pregnancy approach, others learn about it only in some months, especially when менструальный a cycle irregular. About pregnancy approach it is possible to assume at occurrence of following signs: absence менструации in expected days, poor менструация, нагрубание mammary glands, taste change to food, gravitation to sharp dishes, salty food, a nausea, vomiting in the mornings, occurrence of fast fatigue and easy weakness, more frequent, than usually, мочеиспускание.

During pregnancy in an organism of the woman there are considerable changes. The hormones allocated with a placenta during pregnancy, cause numerous physiological changes which provide correct development of a fruit in an organism of mother, prepare an organism for forthcoming sorts and feeding. The nervous system of the pregnant woman is reconstructed so, that subordinates all organism of one purpose — вынашиванию pregnancy. According to it there are physiological changes in the basic systems of the organism, directed on its adaptation to new conditions. For example, during pregnancy сердечнососудистая the system carries out more hard work as in an organism actually there is «a second heart» is a placentary circle of blood circulation. Here the blood-groove so is great, that every minute through a placenta there pass 500 ml of blood. Heart of each healthy woman at pregnancy easily adapts to additional loadings: The weight of a cardiac muscle increases, warm emission of blood increases. For maintenance of increasing requirements of a fruit in nutrients, oxygen and building materials in an organism of mother the blood volume starts to increase, reaching a maximum in 7 months of pregnancy. Instead of 4000 ml of blood now in an organism 5300—5500 ml circulate. And if heart of the healthy woman easily copes with such work with heart diseases this loading causes complications in the pregnant woman. That is why with a heart disease for 27-28th weeks of pregnancy hospitalisation at which the spent treatment will prepare heart for the strengthened work is recommended to women.

Arterial pressure during pregnancy practically does not change. On the contrary, at the women having small increase of arterial pressure to pregnancy or in its early terms, it usually decreases in the middle of pregnancy. It is caused by that under the influence of a progesterone the tone of blood vessels and consequently, and a blood pressure decreases.

However last 2—3 months of pregnancy, as a rule, at such women pressure raises again and can complicate its further current. In this connection it is rather important to pay attention to increase of arterial pressure in early terms of pregnancy to establish careful supervision over its change in late terms. At the healthy woman at pregnancy pressure is considered raised if it exceeds figures 130 and 80 mm hg

In connection with increase in requirement of an organism of the woman in oxygen during pregnancy activity of lungs amplifies. In spite of the fact that in process of development of pregnancy the uterus pushes aside a diaphragm upwards, the respiratory surface of lungs does not decrease thanks to expansion of a thorax and increase in passableness of air through bronchial tubes which extend under the influence of placenta hormones. Increase of volume of respiratory air during pregnancy facilitates deducing of products of gas exchange of a fruit through a placenta. The number дыханий during pregnancy does not change (16—18 times in mines), slightly increasing to the pregnancy end. At occurrence of a short wind or other infringements of breath the pregnant woman should address necessarily to the doctor.

Kidneys during pregnancy function with the big pressure as they deduce products of an exchange of the woman and its growing fruit from an organism. The quantity of allocated urine fluctuates depending on volume of the drunk liquid. The healthy woman during pregnancy allocates a day on the average 1200—1600 ml of urine, thus 950—1200 ml of urine is allocated in the afternoon and other portion — at night, In connection with strengthening of secretory function of kidneys there can be an allocation of sugar to urine that is not connected with a diabetes, and quickly passes after sorts, however demands steadfast attention of the doctor to such pregnancy.

In urine of healthy women there are leukocytes, no more than 5-6 thousand last months pregnancy in urine there can be fiber traces. Under the influence of a progesterone the bladder tone decreases, it becomes more extended and languid, that often leads to stagnation of urine. To it promotes also придавливание a bladder a fruit head. The created conditions facilitate infection drift in мочевыводящие ways that is often observed at pregnant women. Presence in urine of leukocytes more than 8-10 in sight and the squirrel testifies to infringement of function of kidneys and demands serious medical examination and treatment.

At many women in the first 2—3 months of pregnancy infringement of function of bodies of digestion is observed: there is a nausea, quite often vomiting in the mornings, flavouring sensations change, there is a gravitation to unusual substances (clay, a chalk). All these phenomena usually pass by 3—4 months of pregnancy, is more rare — in later terms. Under the influence of placenta hormones the intestines tone decreases, that often leads to locks. The intestines are removed by a pregnant uterus upwards, the stomach also is displaced up and squeezed, thus the part of its contents can be thrown in a gullet and cause a heartburn. In such cases it is recommended to accept a small portion of alkaline solutions — baking soda, боржоми (food intake for 2 ч to a dream) and to lay down in bed (a head to put above).

The liver during pregnancy works with the big loading as neutralises products of an exchange of the woman and its fruit. Thus the bile condensation can be observed, that quite often causes a skin itch. Occurrence of a strong skin itch and furthermore vomiting and pains in right подреберье demands immediate medical assistance and carrying out of analyses for definition of function of a liver.

Under the influence of a progesterone during pregnancy sheaves in joints relax. Especially mobile there are basin joints that facilitates fruit passage through a basin during sorts. Sometimes a softening тазовым joints so expressed, that small divergences лонных bones are observed. The pregnant woman has pains in the field of a bosom, "duck" gait. It is necessary to inform on it to the doctor and to receive corresponding recommendations. Because of necessity to counterbalance weight of a pregnant uterus amplifies прогибание bodies in lumbar department of a backbone that can cause pains in a back, especially if the woman goes on high heels

On a face skin, round nipples and an average line of a stomach dark pigmentation amplifies. This phenomenon is caused by increase at the pregnant woman of the painting hormone allocated with a hypophysis,

During pregnancy mammary glands are prepared for forthcoming feeding. In them the number of glands allocating milk, a fatty fabric increases, blood supply amplifies. Mammary glands increase in sizes, нагрубают, already in the pregnancy beginning it is possible to squeeze out colostrum droplets. All these changes are caused by action of hormones of a placenta and a hypophysis.

The greatest changes during pregnancy occur in genitals and a uterus concerns mainly. The pregnant uterus constantly increases in sizes, by the pregnancy end its height reaches 35 sm together 7—8 sm to pregnancy, the weight increases to 1000—1200 г (without a fruit) instead of 50—100 Change of the sizes of a uterus occurs at the expense of increase in the sizes of muscular fibres under the influence of placenta hormones, and also increase of number of blood vessels which extend and as though braid a uterus.

During pregnancy uterus reductions are observed, usually the woman does not feel them. By the pregnancy end these reductions become more active and are felt as "compression". Such normal reductions of a uterus can be considered as its training exercises before forthcoming sorts.

Uterus position varies according to its growth. By the end of 3rd month of pregnancy she leaves a cavity of a basin and rises above a bosom; by the pregnancy end reaches подреберья. The uterus is kept in correct position by sheaves which also утолщаются and are stretched during pregnancy. The pains arising from a stomach, especially but time of change of position of a body, are frequently caused by a sprain of ligaments.

Blood supply of external genitals amplifies, therefore on sexual lips can appear варикозные the expanded veins. At the expense of difficulty of outflow of blood from the bottom finitenesses during pregnancy standing also often appear варикозные veins, and localisation of the expanded veins on one finiteness usually specifies in a placenta attachment in a uterus on the party of the amazed foot.

All physiological changes described above lead to change of weight of a body of the woman during pregnancy. The healthy woman during pregnancy increases the weight on the average by 12 kg with fluctuations from 10 to 15 kg. Usually in first half of pregnancy the weight of a body increases by 4 kg, in the second — in 2 times it is more.

The gain of weight of a body for pregnancy is distributed as follows: weight of a fruit — 3300 г, a placenta — 650 г, околоплодные waters — 800—1200 ml, a uterus — 400 mammary glands-405 г, blood volume — 1250 ml, a fabric liquid — not less than 2500 ml. Other gain of weight is necessary on fat. Thus women with small adjournment of fat to pregnancy, as a rule, during pregnancy full women accumulate more fat, than. Its weight can increase by 3,5 4 kg, especially in the field of hips and buttocks. The healthy woman adds in weight weekly 300+30

Thus, the changes occurring in an organism of the pregnant woman, create conditions of the physiological adaptation necessary for satisfaction of requirements of the growing organism of a fruit.

A food. During pregnancy in an organism of the woman as it has already been told, there comes reorganisation of exchange processes, therefore special attention it is necessary to give to a balanced diet. Along with other factors the eutrophy is one of the important conditions of a favorable current and an outcome of pregnancy, sorts, normal development of a fruit and the newborn. Recommendations about a balanced diet at pregnancy usually consider interests of two beings — mother and a fruit, i.e. A food should be directed on preservation of health of mother and a fruit during all period of pregnancy.

By scientists it is established, that an insufficient food of pregnant women can lead to abortions, small growth, reduction of weight of a fruit, worsens its viability, increases frequency of losses of children as during pregnancy, so in sorts and after sorts. Such data have been received not only in experiment on animals, but also in supervision over women (in days of war, disasters).

Superfluous consumption of food leads to infringement of equation of a food. The raised power value (caloric content) of a foodstuff during pregnancy causes the strengthened formation of a fatty fabric both in mother, and at a fruit. Special works on the given question have shown, that a superfluous food of the pregnant woman causes increase in weight of a body of the newborn, that in turn leads to growth of number of complications of pregnancy and failures of sorts both for mother, and for a fruit.

At mother at passage of patrimonial ways large (weight 4000 г and above) the child marks traumas of various degree, up to ruptures of patrimonial ways, and at the child in this connection traumas of a head or other parts of a body are possible .

Data of our supervision and materials of researches of other scientists show, that at доношенной pregnancy in optimum weight of a fruit at a birth 3000—3500 The less or more than its weight in comparison with specified optimum, the above disease and death rate of children are .

It is known, that the fruit at each stage of the development requires certain structure of food substances. In first half of pregnancy a food of the woman should not differ essentially from that to pregnancy. However the food should be various and contain all basic nutrients: fibers, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, microcells, Thus it is necessary to exclude categorically the products fatally influencing a fruit (alcohol, strong tea, coffee, etc.).

Certainly, at formation of the food allowance the woman should consider national habits, climatic conditions, the growth and weight, working conditions. Especially it is necessary to remember it because in the first 3 months of pregnancy fruit bodies, and the harmful factors influencing an organism of mother, including an irrational food are formed, can lead to infringement of the given process. It is necessary to consider and features of development of a fruit during pregnancy. Physiological increase of weight of a fruit depends and on a food of mother. The general recommendations concerning the schedule and a food allowance will be more low presented.

First of all to accept food it is necessary at the same o'clock, considering the reflex mechanisms underlying appetite. At a normal current of pregnancy in the first months a quadruple food is recommended. So, for the woman of average weight of a body {58—65 kg) and average growth (158—165 sm) the daily food allowance should include 2400—2700 кал and contains 110 г the squirrel, 75 г fats and 350 г carbohydrates, i.e. Fibers should make 20—25 %, fats — 20—30 % and carbohydrates — 40—45 % of consumed food.

In second half of pregnancy it is expedient to pass on 5 and even a 6-single food. Necessity of such mode is caused by that the sizes of a fruit and accordingly a uterus, which increase, taking a considerable place in a belly cavity, removes and even squeezes some bodies of a gastroenteric path. In this connection more frequent food intakes promote its best mastering.

In second half of pregnancy, along with increase in weight of a fruit and a uterus, the sizes of a placenta, mammary glands, weight of blood in this connection the requirement for fibers increases increase. Therefore consumption of fibers by the woman with average values of weight and growth should increase to 120 г, fats — to 85 г and carbohydrates — till 400 the General caloric content of a daily diet during this period should be increased to 2800 3000 kcal.

It is necessary to aspire to that in a diet of the pregnant woman was about 50 % of fibers of an animal origin, from them about 25 % it should be satisfied at the expense of meat and fish, about 20 % — at the expense of milk and dairy products and 5 % — at the expense of eggs. Other fibers can be a phytogenesis. The food, poor fibers, reduces at pregnant women resistibility to infectious diseases, promotes anaemia development.

To the products containing high-grade fibers, milk, curdled milk, kefir, low-fat cottage cheese, not sharp cheese, boiled meat and boiled fish, a potato, beans, wheat, rice, buckwheat groats concern. In the end of pregnancy it is necessary to limit meat consumption, especially in a fried kind, mushroom, fish broths, meat having added. It is better to prepare soups vegetable, dairy, fruit.

Fibers carry out the major functions in an organism: burning down, they allocate thermal energy, participate in formation of hormones, enzymes, are used as a building material for growth and restoration of fabrics.

Professor M.E.Fateyev (1974) on the basis of the researches has shown, that fiber carries out one more important function important for an organism of the pregnant woman, namely provides intensity of psychological processes, supports stability to stress, and also to various harmful factors of an environment (an infection, an intoxication, etc.). In an organism, according to scientists, there are no «albuminous depots», therefore for optimum preservation of health receipt of necessary quantity of fiber is the extremely important.

On available data, the pregnant woman should receive 1 г the squirrel on 1 kg of weight of a body a day till 16 weeks, further — 1,5 From 17th week from 100 г the fibers consumed by mother, nearby 1 г it is necessary on a mericarp. In this case fiber represents itself as a building material for a fruit.

The considerable part of food of the person is made by carbohydrates. It is known, that they basically compensate power expenses in an organism. So, at full combustion in an organism 500 г carbohydrates 2000 kcal that corresponds to requirement of all daily energy are allocated.

During pregnancy the daily requirement for carbohydrates should exceed requirement for fiber in 3—3,5 times, i.e. It should make 350—400 г, but no more. Direct dependence between quantity of consumed carbohydrates and weight of a fruit is proved. If the pregnant woman receives less carbohydrates fibers are spent for energy development. If in an organism of the woman during 8 ч carbohydrates it conducts to exchange infringement, in particular to disappearance of the core spare carbohydrates — гликогена from a liver that reduces the general resistibility of an organism do not arrive,

In turn superfluous receipt of carbohydrates in an organism of the pregnant woman leads to increase in weight of a fruit over optimum and the subsequent for these complications at sorts. Besides, superfluous consumption of carbohydrates lowers resistibility of an organism, promotes diathesis development. For the pregnant woman it is expedient to receive carbohydrates in the products rich клетчаткой (bread from a flour of a rough grinding, vegetables, fruit, groats, sugar). These products besides carbohydrates contain both vitamins. And berries it is partially possible to replace fruit with juice.

From 14th week of pregnancy it is necessary for woman to reduce consumption of confectionery products, sweets; quantity of sugar to exceed 40 5 0 Sugar it should not is possible to replace with beer honey.

The structure of all fabrics of an organism includes fats which are also the important power reserve as they give in 2,5 times of more thermal energy in comparison with carbohydrates and fibers. Value of fats consists and that their structure includes the important fat-soluble vitamins. Fats participate in plastic processes, influence functions of the central nervous system, эндокринных glands, reduce return of heat and soften influence of fluctuations of external temperature on an organism. In a diet of the pregnant woman should be to 40 % of fats of a phytogenesis which contain nonsaturated fat acids and are rich with vitamin E. From vegetative fats it is expedient to include the added some salt olive oil in structure of food of the pregnant woman.

From animal fats it is possible to recommend creamy and drawn butter. The mutton, beef fat, margarine should not be included in a diet of the pregnant woman.

Daily consumption of fats should not exceed 85 г, adiposity otherwise can develop.

At pregnancy it is necessary to give especially big attention to the sufficient maintenance of vitamins in food. The favorable current of pregnancy, sorts, normal development of a fruit and the newborn are provided with a food containing major for ability to live of an organism vitamins A, With, In, groups In, РР, Е, etc. They act as a regulator of processes of the metabolism proceeding in the form of biochemical reactions in cages and fabrics of an organism. Their role in a condition of reactance and иммунологических properties of an organism is besides, proved.

During pregnancy the requirement for vitamins increases in 2 times. Products from a flour of a rough grinding, groats, bean cultures, a potato, fruit, a liver, meat, cottage cheese, milk, oils, as a rule, provide requirement of the pregnant woman for vitamins. In winter and early spring months of the pregnant woman it is necessary to accept in coordination with the doctor the vitamin preparations, for example a special complex of vitamins for pregnant women — гендевит. However it is necessary to remember, that it is harmful not only a lack of vitamins which causes hypo-and an avitaminosis, but also their surplus. The true requirement of a human body for vitamins still demands a scientific substantiation. But it is already accurately established, that requirement for a foodstuff, vitamin-rich, increases depending on a temperature belt and a geographical zone, a work kind.

The liquid role in a human body is great, it makes a great bulk of blood and a part of fabrics (about 70 % to a body lump). Daily requirement of the person for a liquid — 2—2,5 l. The pregnant woman should receive 1, i-1,2 l of a free liquid (water, milk, tea, compote, soup, etc.) . Last weeks pregnancy, especially at propensity to hypostases, the quantity of a free liquid should be reduced to 0,7—0,8 l a day. This recommendation concerns and table salt. In first half of pregnancy it can be used till 10-12 г a day, in second half it is necessary to limit salt to 8 г, and last 2 months of pregnancy — to 5 6 г a day. At propensity to hypostases reception of a new preparation — санасола which has taste of table salt is recommended, however in it salts калия which do not detain a liquid in an organism as table salt contain basically. Besides it, санасол it is shown at treatment of patients with diseases of cardiovascular system (hypertensive illness, warm аритмия etc.) and kidneys (nephrites). Add it in food directly ahead of the use. A dose — 1,5—2 г a day.

The human body, especially pregnant, requires also mineral salts (calcium, калий, sodium, etc.) and microcells (iron, cobalt, iodine, etc.).

All aforesaid shows, how seriously pregnant should concern the food. The following diet Is recommended: 4-single in first half of pregnancy (1st breakfast in 7—9 ч — 30 % of power value of products, a dinner at 34-15 ч — 40 %; a supper at 18-19 ч—10 %; 21 ч — a glass of kefir, dogrose broth).

In second half of pregnancy it is expedient 5—6-разовое a food (the quantity of used fruit, vegetables increases). Rest after meal should be not less than 1,5 ч. Last food intake should not be after 2—3 hours to a dream.

The author: O.G.Frolov, the doctor of medical sciences